One of the first questions that Arnold Meshkov, MD, a board-certified cardiologist based in Philadelphia, asks his patients is: “Can you walk up a flight of stairs?”
Experts in This Article
board-certified cardiologist based in Philadelphia
New York City-based cardiologist and founder of Upper East Side Cardiology
Cardiologists, like Dr. Meshkov, have been using “step tests” to evaluate their patients’ heart health since the 1940s, thanks in large part to the fact that walking up stairs puts a measurable amount of demand on your heart.
Not only does research in the Revista Española de Cardiología1 journal back this up, but there’s also a way you can conduct this type of heart-health test at home with nothing more than a minute of free time and a few flights of stairs. Read on to learn more.
The benefits of stair climbing for heart health
“Any kind of vigorous activity, like climbing up stairs, is going to cause a demand of blood and oxygen to your extremities,” Dr. Meshkov says. “And the body deals with that by increasing the output of [the blood the heart pumps] and supplying more blood and oxygen than would be required at rest.”
He explains that this can happen in two different ways: either by increasing the speed at which the blood is pumping (which accounts for the faster heart rate you tend to get during exercise) or by increasing the amount of blood that’s pumping out of the left ventricle. “When we’re young, these responses are automatic, but as we get older, that capacity decreases,” he adds.
So why have stairs become the go-to piece of “equipment” for testing heart health? “When exercising on an incline, your heart rate will be much higher than if you were working out on a level surface—your heart is working harder and becomes stronger,” Satjit Bhusri, MD, a board-certified cardiologist and founder of Upper East Side Cardiology, previously told Well+Good. “It’s also a great way to lower your blood pressure, as your heart will strengthen over time to the point where it won’t need to work as hard to pump blood throughout the body. Your lungs will also work much harder than if you were on a level surface, and will become stronger and more conditioned.”
Researchers in the Revista Española de Cardiología study put all of this to the test by recruiting 165 people with symptoms of coronary artery disease, such as chest pain or shortness of breath during physical activity, and challenging them to walk up four flights of stairs (or 60 steps) in under one minute. Then, they looked at their “METs,” (or “metabolic equivalents”), which are characterized by the amount of energy your body uses in a given activity.
“The amount of oxygen the heart uses depends on the heart rate and the blood pressure, so the MET level has been used to determine the risk of a cardiac event in the next 10 years,” Dr. Meshkov says.
Through this “stairs test,” researchers found that participants who were able to climb the stairs in under 45 seconds achieved more than nine to 10 METS, and previous studies have shown that hitting 10 METS during an exercise test is linked to a low rate of early death (one percent or less per year, or 10 percent in 10 years).
On the other hand, patients who took more than 1.5 minutes to climb the stairs maxed out at eight METs, which indicates a higher rate of early death (two to four percent per year, or 30 percent in 10 years). This comes on the heels of a 2019 study2 that required 12,615 participants to walk up three to four flights of stairs and found that those who weren’t able to do it quickly had nearly three times the death rate from heart disease over five years than those who were.
“When exercising on an incline, your heart rate will be much higher than if you were working out on a level surface—your heart is working harder and becomes stronger.” —Satjit Bhusri, MD
An at-home stair climbing exercise to test your own cardio fitness
So what does that mean for those of us looking to test our cardiovascular health at home? “It’s a reasonably good approximation of cardiovascular fitness at one point in time,” Dr. Meshkov says.
But, he adds, there are some limits to what the test can tell you, especially considering that the study only looked at people who had experienced symptoms of heart problems.
“For someone who doesn’t have symptoms or shortness of breath and just wants to know how their heart is doing or how their cardiovascular health is, the stair test could certainly be a good assessment to their overall risk assessment,” he says.
In other words? Walking up 60 steps in under a minute can tell you, to some extent, how your heart’s functioning, but shouldn’t stand in place of a regular stress test from a cardiologist.
Regardless of what the stairs test can or can’t tell you about your heart health, it’s still critically important to ensure you’re getting a solid dose of regular cardio. The American Heart Association recommends 150 minutes of moderate-intensity cardio exercise, like walking, per week or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise, like a dance cardio class, which pros say can improve your lung function, increase the strength of your heart and maximize the efficiency of your skeletal muscles—all of which make the body better at using oxygen. Work some cardio into your regular routine, and you’ll be flying up four flights of stairs in no time.
FAQ
Is climbing stairs a good workout?
In short: Yes! Climbing stairs on a regular basis improves your strength, stamina, and mobility, according to Harvard Health Publishing. Taking the stairs involves multiple muscle groups working together (your glutes, quads, and calves) and gets your heart rate elevated, which boosts your cardiovascular fitness and overall heart health.
FYI: Cardio and strength exercises can prevent chronic diseases—like heart disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, certain cancers, and more—in the long term, per the Mayo Clinic.
Is it good to climb stairs every day?
Taking the stairs each day is definitely good for your health if you’re able to. In fact, a study in Atherosclerosis3 found a correlation between climbing 50 steps every day and a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, blood clots, and heart attacks by about 20 percent.
How many minutes should you stair climb?
As the above study suggests, you don’t need to spend a ton of time climbing stairs to reap its benefits. However, if you want to spend more time going up steps, this eight-minute stair climbing workout is the equivalent to running one mile. But if you’ve never previously spent much time climbing stairs, get the green light from your doctor and start slow—you don’t have to immediately be able to climb stairs for so many minutes at a time.
Peteiro J, Bouzas-Mosquera A. Time to climb 4 flights of stairs provides relevant information on exercise testing performance and results. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2021 Apr;74(4):354-355. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.rec.2020.09.017. Epub 2020 Oct 22. PMID: 33268317.
↩︎Peteiro J, Bouzas-Mosquera A, Pertega S, Barbeito-Caamaño C, Broullón F, Vazquez-Rodriguez JM. Prediction of cardiovascular, cancer and non-cardiovascular non-cancer death by exercise echocardiography. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020 Dec;27(19):2151-2154. doi: 10.1177/2047487319869692. Epub 2019 Aug 12. PMID: 31403879.
↩︎Song Z, Wan L, Wang W, Li Y, Zhao Y, Zhuang Z, Dong X, Xiao W, Huang N, Xu M, Clarke R, Qi L, Huang T. Daily stair climbing, disease susceptibility, and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A prospective cohort study. Atherosclerosis. 2023 Dec;386:117300. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117300. Epub 2023 Sep 16. PMID: 37813749.
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